Here are some information about Animal Cell and Plant cell. Micro organism can be categorized as plant or animal. All the animal cell and plant cell have different characteristics. Animal cell usually hunts for food while plant cell are normally auto tropic (produces food with the presence of sunlight) . Some of the microorganism are saprophytic too which feeds on dead carcasses.

Animal Cell

1. Cell Membrane: Control the movement of material in and out of cell
2. Cytoplasm: All chemical reactions take place
3. Nucleus: Controls all cellular activities

Plant Cell

1. Cell Membrane: Control the movement of material in and out of cell
2. Cytoplasm: All chemical reactions take place
3. Nucleus: Controls all cellular activities
4. Cell Wall: Maintain the shape of the cell
5. Chloroplast:  Produce Chlorophyll (Photosynthesis)
6. Vacuole:  Contains cell sap to store sugar and salt

A metallic lattice of hair-thin pipes is now the lightest solid yet created — less dense than air, scientists revealed.

The strategy used to create these intricate structures could lead to revolutionary materials of extraordinary strength and lightness, including ones made of diamond, researchers added.

Ultra-lightweight materials such as foams are widely used in thermal insulation and to dampen sounds, vibrations and shocks. They can also serve as scaffolds for battery electrodes and catalytic systems.

The very lightest substances in the world until now, aerogels, have the ethereal nickname “frozen smoke.” They can reach densities of 1 milligram per cubic centimeter, making them less dense than airat room temperature and sea level.

The problem until now with low-density materials such as aerogelsand metallic foams has been their random structures. For instance, aerogels are derived from gels whose liquid components were replaced with gas, leaving behind solid tangles of microscopic-bead necklaces. The chaotic architecture of these substances makes them much weaker than conventional forms of their parent material.

Now scientists have devised ultra-lightweight, low-density metallic lattices with orderly structures. These possess higher levels of stiffness, strength and conductivity of conventional forms of their parent materials, findings detailed in the Nov. 18 issue of the journal Science.

“Our vision is to revolutionize lightweight materials by adopting principles of architecture into their design,” researcher Tobias Schaedler, lead scientist at HRL Laboratories in Malibu, Calif., told InnovationNewsDaily.

“If you look at the Eiffel Tower or Golden Gate Bridge, they’re incredibly light and strong for their size by virtue of their architecture — the Eiffel Tower is taller and lighter than the pyramids because of its design,” Schaedler explained. “We want to achieve the same thing these modern buildings achieve by working on the structures of materials.”

The researchers began with a liquid photopolymer — a molecule that changes its properties when exposed to light. They shined patterns of ultraviolet light on this photopolymer, generating a three-dimensional lattice, and coated this structure with a thin film of metal — in this case, nickel-phosphorous alloy.

Next, Schaedler and his colleagues etched away the photopolymer with lye, leaving behind a lattice of hollow nickel-phosphorus struts each 100- to 500-microns wide, or one-to-five times the width of a human hair. The walls of these tubes ranged from 100 to 500 nanometers or billionths of a meter thick, or up to 1,000 times thinner than a human hair.

These lattices are even airier than aerogels, with a density of 0.9 mg per cubic centimeter, “The lattice is 99.99 percent open volume,” Schaedler said. “It’s about 200 times lighter than Styrofoam.”

In experiments, these metal lattices proved very springy, bouncing back to their original shape even after being compressed to less than half their size.

“We’re envisioning applications in structural components, such as in aerospace,” Schaedler said. “Its energy-absorption capabilities might also make it useful for acoustic-, vibration- and shock-damping. We can control the architecture on the millimeter, micrometer and nanometer scales, to design materials with tailored properties for specific applications, if we want.”

The researchers are now experimenting with lattices made of other kinds of materials. “We should be able to make lattices of any thin-film material — for instance, diamond, polymers and ceramics,” Schaedler said.

Hypothesis:  Prepare by boiling a mixture of coconut oil and Sodium Hydroxide

Aim:  Prepare sample of Soap using oil and Hydroxide Solution
Apparatus: Bunsen Burner, Tripod Stand, retort stand with clamp, wire gauze, two beakers, filter funnel, glass rod, spatula

Method
Heat up the cooking Oil. Make sure the cooking oil is at 100 Celsius. Then add Sodium Hydroxide into the solution and stir. The solution will start to be sticky. Eventually continue to stir (Use an electric blender to stir it). Mix some fragrance and colouring and continue to stir. Once the soap reaches trace you can pour it into a designated cup.

This diagram will demonstrate the size of wavelength in electromagnetic wave. AS the size of the wavelength increases, the energy decreases. You can use this chart to further understand the position of infrared, radio wave, visible light, gamma rays and  ultra violets

Presence of Starch from the leaves can be demonstrated below:.

We picked the leaf which has green, pink and yellow. Look at the leaves below. Our experiment is to determine the presence of starch in the leaves. The experiment was conducted with 4 students where we allow the students to explore the presence of starch in the plants

Step 3: Wash the leaf in cold water. You can use hot water too. Washing will soften the leaves and remove the alcohol

Step 4: Spread the leaf flat on the Petri dish and cover it with iodine solution. If the leaf turns blue-black, it means starch is present. Iodine turn from brown to dark blue within a second.

After conducting the required steps, we obtained the following results:

As you can see, the places which were green turned blue-black, indicating starch was present where chlorophyll was. The pale coloured parts of the leaf stayed the colour they were, indicating starch was absent. So we can conlude that chlorophyll is involved in photosynthesis producing starch. The reason why a substance like starch is used for storage in plants is because it is insoluble, and does not cause problems like osmosis, unlike glucose.

Article from Newscientist.com This is an interesting article describing about black hole theory. Stephen Hawkings believe that black hole emits Photons. Hawkins believe that the black hole is not entirely empty or vacuum. Since most of Hawkings experiment are base on pure assumptions and but recent studies believe that it is true. Under the lab observation, they have found out and discover Hawking’s radiation when laser light

Here are some of the important information you would need to know before sitting for the PMR

Oxygen:
Can be tested using glowing splinter
Not soluble in water
No Effect on Litmus Paper

Carbon Dioxide:
Can be tested using Lime Water: Turns Chalky when Lime water expose to carbon dioxide
Soluble in water
Turns Litmus Paper Red to Blue

Hydrogen
When tested with burning splinter, a POP sound is heard

Important Note: It is important to differentiate Burning and  Glowing splinter. Don’t mix up!!!!

Male reproduction. Please read this section closely. As for Form 3 students, you can use the chart below to further probe into the Male reproduction system.

Please understand the function of
a) Urinary Bladder : To collect Urine
b) Testis : Male reproductive organ to produce sperm cell (Sperm cell the smallest cell in human body)
c)Urethra : Path for the urine and sperm cell to travel
d) Scrotum : Thick layer of skin protection the testis

Sun is the main source of Energy. Without the Sun, we will not be able to live. Whare is actually the Sun ?
Stars and Galaxies

This week we will be covering the most interesting portion of the Solar System.

The Sun

Mass is 1.989 x10³⁴ kg
Distance from Earth is 150 000 000 km
Age 4.5 billion years old
Temperature: Ranges from 3300K to 16 000 000K

About the Sun
The sun is a super giant spinning ball which is made of very hot gas fueled with nuclear fusion reactions

The sun plays a vital role in space weather.

Want to know more about the SUN.
Jon the group and purchase a set of Exam Tips from

www.tipsexam.com.

Sample of Exam Tips and Notes